Oh God We Arent Doing This Again?! That Spontaneous Rp Tho
Introduction
Humanity is causing a rapid loss of biodiversity and, with information technology, Earth'south power to support complex life. Only the mainstream is having difficulty grasping the magnitude of this loss, despite the steady erosion of the material of human civilization (Ceballos et al., 2015; IPBES, 2019; Convention on Biological Diverseness, 2020; WWF, 2020). While suggested solutions abound (Díaz et al., 2019), the electric current calibration of their implementation does not match the relentless progression of biodiversity loss (Cumming et al., 2006) and other existential threats tied to the continuous expansion of the human enterprise (Rees, 2020). Time delays between ecological deterioration and socio-economical penalties, as with climate disruption for example (IPCC, 2014), impede recognition of the magnitude of the challenge and timely counteraction needed. In improver, disciplinary specialization and insularity encourage unfamiliarity with the complex adaptive systems (Levin, 1999) in which problems and their potential solutions are embedded (Selby, 2006; Brand and Karvonen, 2007). Widespread ignorance of human being behavior (Van Bavel et al., 2020) and the incremental nature of socio-political processes that programme and implement solutions further delay effective action (Shanley and López, 2009; Male monarch, 2016).
We summarize the country of the natural world in stark form hither to help clarify the gravity of the human predicament. Nosotros also outline probable hereafter trends in biodiversity pass up (Díaz et al., 2019), climate disruption (Ripple et al., 2020), and homo consumption and population growth to demonstrate the well-nigh certainty that these issues will worsen over the coming decades, with negative impacts for centuries to come. Finally, nosotros discuss the ineffectiveness of current and planned actions that are attempting to accost the ominous erosion of Earth's life-back up system. Ours is non a call to surrender—we aim to provide leaders with a realistic "cold shower" of the land of the planet that is essential for planning to avoid a ghastly future.
Biodiversity Loss
Major changes in the biosphere are direct linked to the growth of homo systems (summarized in Figure one). While the rapid loss of species and populations differs regionally in intensity (Ceballos et al., 2015, 2017, 2020; Díaz et al., 2019), and most species take not been fairly assessed for extinction risk (Webb and Mindel, 2015), sure global trends are obvious. Since the starting time of agronomics around 11,000 years ago, the biomass of terrestrial vegetation has been halved (Erb et al., 2018), with a corresponding loss of >20% of its original biodiversity (Díaz et al., 2019), together denoting that >70% of the Earth's land surface has been altered by Human sapiens (IPBES, 2019). There have been >700 documented vertebrate (Díaz et al., 2019) and ~600 plant (Humphreys et al., 2019) species extinctions over the past 500 years, with many more species clearly having gone extinct unrecorded (Tedesco et al., 2014). Population sizes of vertebrate species that take been monitored beyond years take declined by an average of 68% over the terminal 5 decades (WWF, 2020), with certain population clusters in extreme refuse (Leung et al., 2020), thus presaging the imminent extinction of their species (Ceballos et al., 2020). Overall, perhaps ane one thousand thousand species are threatened with extinction in the most future out of an estimated 7–10 million eukaryotic species on the planet (Mora et al., 2011), with around 40% of plants alone considered endangered (Antonelli et al., 2020). Today, the global biomass of wild mammals is <25% of that estimated for the Tardily Pleistocene (Bar-On et al., 2018), while insects are also disappearing rapidly in many regions (Wagner, 2020; reviews in van Klink et al., 2020).
Effigy 1. Summary of major ecology-alter categories expressed as a percentage change relative to the baseline given in the text. Cerise indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas bluish indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected. Superscript numbers indicate the following references: 1IPBES, 2019; 2Halpern et al., 2015; threeKrumhansl et al., 2016; 4Waycott et al., 2009; 5Díaz et al., 2019; sixChristensen et al., 2014; 7Frieler et al., 2013; viiiErb et al., 2018; 9Davidson, 2014; xGrill et al., 2019; elevenWWF, 2020; 12Bar-On et al., 2018; thirteenAntonelli et al., 2020; fourteenMora et al., 2011.
Freshwater and marine environments have also been severely damaged. Today there is <15% of the original wetland area globally than was present 300 years ago (Davidson, 2014), and >75% of rivers >1,000 km long no longer flow freely along their entire course (Grill et al., 2019). More than 2-thirds of the oceans have been compromised to some extent by human activities (Halpern et al., 2015), live coral comprehend on reefs has halved in <200 years (Frieler et al., 2013), seagrass extent has been decreasing by x% per decade over the last century (Waycott et al., 2009; Díaz et al., 2019), kelp forests have declined past ~40% (Krumhansl et al., 2016), and the biomass of big predatory fishes is at present <33% of what it was terminal century (Christensen et al., 2014).
With such a rapid, catastrophic loss of biodiversity, the ecosystem services it provides accept also declined. These include inter alia reduced carbon sequestration (Heath et al., 2005; Lal, 2008), reduced pollination (Potts et al., 2016), soil degradation (Lal, 2015), poorer water and air quality (Smith et al., 2013), more than frequent and intense flooding (Bradshaw et al., 2007; Hinkel et al., 2014) and fires (Boer et al., 2020; Bowman et al., 2020), and compromised human health (Díaz et al., 2006; Bradshaw et al., 2019). Equally telling indicators of how much biomass humanity has transferred from natural ecosystems to our own use, of the estimated 0.17 Gt of living biomass of terrestrial vertebrates on Earth today, almost is represented by livestock (59%) and human beings (36%)—only ~5% of this total biomass is made up past wild mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Bar-On et al., 2018). As of 2020, the overall material output of human endeavor exceeds the sum of all living biomass on Globe (Elhacham et al., 2020).
6th Mass Extinction
A mass extinction is defined every bit a loss of ~75% of all species on the planet over a geologically short interval—by and large annihilation <three million years (Jablonski et al., 1994; Barnosky et al., 2011). At to the lowest degree 5 major extinction events accept occurred since the Cambrian (Sodhi et al., 2009), the almost recent of them 66 million years ago at the close of the Cretaceous period. The background charge per unit of extinction since then has been 0.one extinctions one thousand thousand species−ane yr−ane (Ceballos et al., 2015), while estimates of today's extinction rate are orders of magnitude greater (Lamkin and Miller, 2016). Recorded vertebrate extinctions since the 16th century—the mere tip of the truthful extinction iceberg—give a rate of extinction of 1.iii species year−i, which is conservatively >xv times the background rate (Ceballos et al., 2015). The IUCN estimates that some twenty% of all species are in danger of extinction over the next few decades, which profoundly exceeds the background rate. That we are already on the path of a sixth major extinction is now scientifically undeniable (Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2015, 2017).
Ecological Overshoot: Population Size and Overconsumption
The global man population has approximately doubled since 1970, reaching nearly vii.8 billion people today (prb.org). While some countries accept stopped growing and even declined in size, world average fertility continues to be to a higher place replacement (2.3 children adult female−1), with an average of 4.8 children woman−i in Sub-Saharan Africa and fertilities >iv children woman−1 in many other countries (east.1000., Afghanistan, Yemen, Timor-Leste). The 1.1 billion people today in Sub-Saharan Africa—a region expected to experience particularly harsh repercussions from climate modify (Serdeczny et al., 2017)—is projected to double over the next xxx years. By 2050, the world population will likely grow to ~9.9 billion (prb.org), with growth projected by many to continue until well into the side by side century (Bradshaw and Brook, 2014; Gerland et al., 2014), although more contempo estimates predict a peak toward the cease of this century (Vollset et al., 2020).
Large population size and continued growth are implicated in many societal problems. The impact of population growth, combined with an imperfect distribution of resource, leads to massive food insecurity. Past some estimates, 700–800 1000000 people are starving and 1–2 billion are micronutrient-malnourished and unable to function fully, with prospects of many more food problems in the near future (Ehrlich and Harte, 2015a,b). Large populations and their continued growth are besides drivers of soil degradation and biodiversity loss (Pimm et al., 2014). More people means that more synthetic compounds and dangerous throw-away plastics (Vethaak and Leslie, 2016) are manufactured, many of which add together to the growing toxification of the Earth (Cribb, 2014). It also increases chances of pandemics (Daily and Ehrlich, 1996b) that fuel ever-more desperate hunts for scarce resources (Klare, 2012). Population growth is besides a factor in many social ills, from crowding and joblessness, to deteriorating infrastructure and bad governance (Harte, 2007). There is mounting show that when populations are large and growing fast, they can exist the sparks for both internal and international conflicts that lead to war (Klare, 2001; Toon et al., 2007). The multiple, interacting causes of civil war in particular are varied, including poverty, inequality, weak institutions, political grievance, ethnic divisions, and environmental stressors such as drought, deforestation, and state degradation (Homer-Dixon, 1991, 1999; Collier and Hoeer, 1998; Hauge and llingsen, 1998; Fearon and Laitin, 2003; Brückner, 2010; Acemoglu et al., 2017). Population growth itself can even increment the probability of military involvement in conflicts (Tir and Diehl, 1998). Countries with higher population growth rates experienced more social conflict since the Second Earth State of war (Acemoglu et al., 2017). In that study, an approximate doubling of a state'south population caused about four additional years of full-diddled ceremonious state of war or low-intensity conflict in the 1980s relative to the 1940–1950s, even later on controlling for a state'south income-level, independence, and historic period construction.
Simultaneous with population growth, humanity'due south consumption equally a fraction of Earth's regenerative capacity has grown from ~ 73% in 1960 to 170% in 2016 (Lin et al., 2018), with substantially greater per-person consumption in countries with highest income. With COVID-xix, this overshoot dropped to 56% above Earth'southward regenerative capacity, which means that betwixt Jan and August 2020, humanity consumed equally much as Earth can renew in the entire year (overshootday.org). While inequality among people and countries remains staggering, the global middle class has grown rapidly and exceeded half the human population by 2018 (Kharas and Hamel, 2018). Over 70% of all people currently live in countries that run a biocapacity deficit while also having less than world-boilerplate income, excluding them from compensating their biocapacity deficit through purchases (Wackernagel et al., 2019) and eroding time to come resilience via reduced food security (Ehrlich and Harte, 2015b). The consumption rates of loftier-income countries go along to exist substantially higher than low-income countries, with many of the latter fifty-fifty experiencing declines in per-capita footprint (Dasgupta and Ehrlich, 2013; Wackernagel et al., 2019).
This massive ecological overshoot is largely enabled by the increasing use of fossil fuels. These user-friendly fuels take allowed united states of america to decouple human demand from biological regeneration: 85% of commercial free energy, 65% of fibers, and most plastics are now produced from fossil fuels. Also, food product depends on fossil-fuel input, with every unit of food energy produced requiring a multiple in fossil-fuel energy (e.g., iii × for high-consuming countries like Canada, Commonwealth of australia, USA, and Mainland china; overshootday.org). This, coupled with increasing consumption of carbon-intensive meat (Ripple et al., 2014) congruent with the rising heart class, has exploded the global carbon footprint of agriculture. While climate change demands a full get out from fossil-fuel use well before 2050, pressures on the biosphere are probable to mountain prior to decarbonization as humanity brings energy alternatives online. Consumption and biodiversity challenges will likewise be amplified by the enormous concrete inertia of all large "stocks" that shape electric current trends: built infrastructure, free energy systems, and homo populations.
It is therefore also inevitable that aggregate consumption will increment at to the lowest degree into the near futurity, especially as abundance and population go along to grow in tandem (Wiedmann et al., 2020). Even if major catastrophes occur during this interval, they would unlikely affect the population trajectory until well into the 22nd Century (Bradshaw and Brook, 2014). Although population-connected climatic change (Wynes and Nicholas, 2017) will worsen human being mortality (Mora et al., 2017; Parks et al., 2020), morbidity (Patz et al., 2005; Díaz et al., 2006; Peng et al., 2011), development (Barreca and Schaller, 2020), cognition (Jacobson et al., 2019), agricultural yields (Verdin et al., 2005; Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007; Brown and Funk, 2008; Gaupp et al., 2020), and conflicts (Boas, 2015), there is no way—ethically or otherwise (disallowment extreme and unprecedented increases in human mortality)—to avert rising human numbers and the accompanying overconsumption. That said, instituting human-rights policies to lower fertility and reining in consumption patterns could diminish the impacts of these phenomena (Rees, 2020).
Failed International Goals and Prospects for the Hereafter
Stopping biodiversity loss is nowhere close to the tiptop of whatever country's priorities, trailing far behind other concerns such as employment, healthcare, economical growth, or currency stability. It is therefore no surprise that none of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2020 set at the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD.int) 2010 briefing was met (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diverseness, 2020). Even had they been met, they would have however fallen short of realizing any substantive reductions in extinction rate. More broadly, most of the nature-related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (eastward.g., SDGs 6, thirteen–15) are also on rails for failure (Wackernagel et al., 2017; Díaz et al., 2019; Messerli et al., 2019), largely because well-nigh SDGs have not adequately incorporated their interdependencies with other socio-economic factors (Bradshaw and Di Minin, 2019; Bradshaw et al., 2019; Messerli et al., 2019). Therefore, the apparent paradox of loftier and rising average standard of living despite a mounting ecology toll has come at a groovy toll to the stability of humanity's medium- and long-term life-support system. In other words, humanity is running an ecological Ponzi scheme in which guild robs nature and future generations to pay for boosting incomes in the short term (Ehrlich et al., 2012). Even the World Economic Forum, which is convict of dangerous greenwashing propaganda (Bakan, 2020), at present recognizes biodiversity loss as 1 of the superlative threats to the global economic system (World Economic Forum, 2020).
The emergence of a long-predicted pandemic (Daily and Ehrlich, 1996a), likely related to biodiversity loss, poignantly exemplifies how that imbalance is degrading both human wellness and wealth (Austin, 2020; Dobson et al., 2020; Roe et al., 2020). With three-quarters of new infectious diseases resulting from human being-creature interactions, environmental degradation via climate change, deforestation, intensive farming, bushmeat hunting, and an exploding wildlife trade mean that the opportunities for pathogen-transferring interactions are high (Austin, 2020; Daszak et al., 2020). That much of this degradation is occurring in Biodiversity Hotspots where pathogen diversity is as well highest (Keesing et al., 2010), but where institutional capacity is weakest, further increases the risk of pathogen release and spread (Austin, 2020; Schmeller et al., 2020).
Climate Disruption
The dangerous furnishings of climatic change are much more axiomatic to people than those of biodiversity loss (Legagneux et al., 2018), simply society is withal finding it difficult to deal with them effectively. Culture has already exceeded a global warming of ~ one.0°C in a higher place pre-industrial conditions, and is on rail to cause at least a 1.5°C warming between 2030 and 2052 (IPCC, 2018). In fact, today's greenhouse-gas concentration is >500 ppm CO2-e (Butler and Montzka, 2020), while according to the IPCC, 450 ppm CO2-e would give Earth a mere 66% chance of non exceeding a ii°C warming (IPCC, 2014). Greenhouse-gas concentration will keep to increment (via positive feedbacks such as melting permafrost and the release of stored methane) (Shush et al., 2018), resulting in further delay of temperature-reducing responses fifty-fifty if humanity stops using fossil fuels entirely well before 2030 (Steffen et al., 2018).
Human being alteration of the climate has become globally detectable in any single day'due south weather (Sippel et al., 2020). In fact, the world's climate has matched or exceeded previous predictions (Brysse et al., 2013), possibly considering of the IPCC's reliance on averages from several models (Herger et al., 2018) and the language of political conservativeness inherent in policy recommendations seeking multinational consensus (Herrando-Pérez et al., 2019). Nonetheless, the latest climate models (CMIP6) show greater future warming than previously predicted (Forster et al., 2020), even if society tracks the needed lower-emissions pathway over the coming decades. Nations have in full general not met the goals of the 5 twelvemonth-old Paris Agreement (Un, 2016), and while global awareness and business concern have risen, and scientists have proposed major transformative change (in free energy product, pollution reduction, custodianship of nature, food production, economics, population policies, etc.), an effective international response has even so to emerge (Ripple et al., 2020). Even bold that all signatories do, in fact, manage to ratify their commitments (a doubtful prospect), expected warming would still reach two.half dozen–iii.one°C by 2100 (Rogelj et al., 2016) unless large, additional commitments are fabricated and fulfilled. Without such commitments, the projected ascent of Earth'south temperature will be catastrophic for biodiversity (Urban, 2015; Steffen et al., 2018; Strona and Bradshaw, 2018) and humanity (Smith et al., 2016).
Regarding international climate-alter accords, the Paris Agreement (United nations, 2016) fix the 1.5–ii°C target unanimously. Simply since then, progress to propose, let lone follow, (voluntary) "intended national determined contributions" for mail service-2020 climate action have been utterly inadequate.
Political Impotence
If virtually of the globe's population truly understood and appreciated the magnitude of the crises we summarize here, and the inevitability of worsening weather condition, ane could logically wait positive changes in politics and policies to match the gravity of the existential threats. But the reverse is unfolding. The rise of right-wing populist leaders is associated with anti-environment agendas every bit seen recently for example in Brazil (Nature, 2018), the United states (Hejny, 2018), and Australia (Burck et al., 2019). Large differences in income, wealth, and consumption among people and even amongst countries return information technology difficult to brand whatsoever policy global in its execution or consequence.
A fundamental concept in environmental is density feedback (Herrando-Pérez et al., 2012)—as a population approaches its environmental carrying capacity, average individual fitness declines (Beck and Bradshaw, 2006). This tends to push populations toward an instantaneous expression of carrying capacity that slows or reverses population growth. But for well-nigh of history, human ingenuity has inflated the natural environment's carrying capacity for the states by developing new ways to increase food production (Hopfenberg, 2003), aggrandize wild fauna exploitation, and raise the availability of other resources. This inflation has involved modifying temperature via shelter, habiliment, and microclimate command, transporting goods from remote locations, and more often than not reducing the probability of expiry or injury through customs infrastructure and services (Cohen, 1995). But with the availability of fossil fuels, our species has pushed its consumption of nature'due south goods and services much farther beyond long-term conveying capacity (or more precisely, the planet'southward biocapacity), making the readjustment from overshoot that is inevitable far more catastrophic if not managed carefully (Nyström et al., 2019). A growing homo population will only exacerbate this, leading to greater competition for an ever-dwindling resource pool. The corollaries are many: connected reduction of environmental intactness (Bradshaw et al., 2010; Bradshaw and Di Minin, 2019), reduced kid health (particularly in low-income nations) (Bradshaw et al., 2019), increased nutrient demand exacerbating environmental deposition via agro-intensification (Crist et al., 2017), vaster and maybe catastrophic effects of global toxification (Cribb, 2014; Swan and Colino, 2021), greater expression of social pathologies (Levy and Herzog, 1974) including violence exacerbated by climate change and ecology degradation itself (Agnew, 2013; White, 2017, 2019), more terrorism (Coccia, 2018), and an economic system even more than decumbent to sequester the remaining wealth amongst fewer individuals (Kus, 2016; Piketty, 2020) much like how cropland expansion since the early 1990s has disproportionately concentrated wealth among the super-rich (Ceddia, 2020). The predominant image is still 1 of pegging "environment" against "economy"; yet in reality, the choice is between exiting overshoot by design or disaster—considering exiting overshoot is inevitable one fashion or another.
Given these misconceptions and entrenched interests, the continued rise of extreme ideologies is likely, which in turn limits the chapters of making prudent, long-term decisions, thus potentially accelerating a vicious cycle of global ecological deterioration and its penalties. Even the USA's much-touted New Green Deal (U. Due south. House of Representatives, 2019) has in fact exacerbated the country's political polarization (Gustafson et al., 2019), mainly because of the weaponization of 'environmentalism' every bit a political ideology rather than being viewed as a universal mode of cocky-preservation and planetary protection that ought to transcend political tribalism. Indeed, environmental protest groups are being labeled as "terrorists" in many countries (Hudson, 2020). Further, the severity of the commitments required for any country to achieve meaningful reductions in consumption and emissions will inevitably lead to public backlash and further ideological entrenchments, mainly because the threat of potential short-term sacrifices is seen as politically inopportune. Even though climate change lone will incur a vast economic burden (Shush et al., 2015; Carleton and Hsiang, 2016; Auffhammer, 2018) possibly leading to war (nuclear, or otherwise) at a global scale (Klare, 2020), almost of the world's economies are predicated on the political idea that meaningful counteraction now is too costly to exist politically palatable. Combined with financed disinformation campaigns in a bid to protect brusk-term profits (Oreskes and Conway, 2010; Mayer, 2016; Bakan, 2020), information technology is doubtful that whatsoever needed shift in economic investments of sufficient scale will be fabricated in time.
While uncertain and prone to fluctuate co-ordinate to unpredictable social and policy trends (Boas et al., 2019; McLeman, 2019; Nature Climatic change, 2019), climate change and other environmental pressures volition trigger more mass migration over the coming decades (McLeman, 2019), with an estimated 25 million to i billion environmental migrants expected by 2050 (Dark-brown, 2008). Because international law does not notwithstanding legally recognize such "environmental migrants" as refugees (United Nations University, 2015) (although this is likely to change) (Lyons, 2020), we fear that a ascent tide of refugees will reduce, not increase, international cooperation in ways that will farther weaken our chapters to mitigate the crisis.
Changing the Rules of the Game
While it is neither our intention nor chapters in this short Perspective to delve into the complexities and details of possible solutions to the homo predicament, there is no shortage of evidence-based literature proposing ways to modify human being beliefs for the benefit of all extant life. The remaining questions are less about what to do, and more virtually how, stimulating the genesis of many organizations devoted to these pursuits (e.g., ipbes.org, goodanthropocenes.net, overshootday.org, mahb.stanford.edu, populationmatters.org, clubofrome.org, steadystate.org, to proper name a few). The gravity of the state of affairs requires cardinal changes to global capitalism, education, and equality, which include inter alia the abolition of perpetual economic growth, properly pricing externalities, a rapid exit from fossil-fuel use, strict regulation of markets and property acquisition, reigning in corporate lobbying, and the empowerment of women. These choices will necessarily entail difficult conversations about population growth and the necessity of dwindling simply more equitable standards of living.
Conclusions
We have summarized predictions of a ghastly hereafter of mass extinction, declining wellness, and climate-disruption upheavals (including looming massive migrations) and resource conflicts this century. Notwithstanding, our goal is not to present a fatalist perspective, considering there are many examples of successful interventions to prevent extinctions, restore ecosystems, and encourage more sustainable economical activity at both local and regional scales. Instead, we debate that only a realistic appreciation of the colossal challenges facing the international community might permit information technology to chart a less-ravaged future. While there take been more recent calls for the scientific community in particular to be more song about their warnings to humanity (Ripple et al., 2017; Cavicchioli et al., 2019; Gardner and Wordley, 2019), these accept been insufficiently foreboding to match the scale of the crisis. Given the existence of a human "optimism bias" that triggers some to underestimate the severity of a crisis and ignore expert warnings, a good communication strategy must ideally undercut this bias without inducing asymmetric feelings of fear and despair (Pyke, 2017; Van Bavel et al., 2020). It is therefore incumbent on experts in whatsoever subject area that deals with the time to come of the biosphere and human well-existence to eschew reticence, avert sugar-coating the overwhelming challenges ahead and "tell it like it is." Anything else is misleading at best, or negligent and potentially lethal for the human being enterprise at worst.
Information Availability Argument
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary cloth, further inquiries tin can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
CJAB, DTB, and PRE designed the concept and wrote the article, with contributions from AB, GC, EC, JD, RD, AHE, JH, MEH, GP, PHR, WJR, FS, CT, and MW. CJAB prepared the figure. All authors contributed to the commodity and approved the submitted version.
Funding
We give thanks the Rockefeller Foundation for Bellagio Writer'southward Fellowships to CJAB and PRE. Supported in role by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CE170100015).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of whatsoever commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential disharmonize of involvement.
References
Acemoglu, D., Fergusson, 50., and Johnson, S. (2017). "Population and civil war," in National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 23322 (Cambridge, MA), 1–49. doi: 10.3386/w23322
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2013). "The ordinary acts that contribute to ecocide: a criminological assay," in Routledge International Handbook of Greenish Criminology, eds. N. South and A. Brisman (Abingdon: Routledge), 58–72.
Google Scholar
Antonelli, A., Fry, C., Smith, R. J., Simmonds, K. S. J., Kersey, P. J., Pritchard, H. W., et al. (2020). State of the World's Plants and Fungi 2020. Kew: Regal Botanic Gardens.
Google Scholar
Auffhammer, Thousand. (2018). Quantifying economic amercement from climate change. J. Econ. Persp. 32, 33–52. doi: 10.1257/jep.32.4.33
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Bakan, J. (2020). The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations are Bad for Democracy. New York, NY: Vintage.
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, Southward., Wogan, Grand. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., et al. (2011). Has the Globe'southward sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471, 51–57. doi: x.1038/nature09678
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Barreca, A., and Schaller, J. (2020). The impact of high ambience temperatures on delivery timing and gestational lengths. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 77–82. doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0632-4
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Boas, I., Farbotko, C., Adams, H., Sterly, H., Bush, Southward., van der Geest, K., et al. (2019). Climate migration myths. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 901–903. doi: ten.1038/s41558-019-0633-3
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Boer, M. M., Resco de Dios, V., and Bradstock, R. A. (2020). Unprecedented burn down area of Australian mega forest fires. Nat. Clim. Alter 10, 171–172. doi: x.1038/s41558-020-0716-one
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Bowman, D. One thousand. J. S., Kolden, C. A., Abatzoglou, J. T., Johnston, F. H., van der Werf, G. R., and Flannigan, M. (2020). Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 500–515. doi: 10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. J. A., and Brook, B. W. (2014). Human population reduction is not a quick set for environmental bug. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.Southward.A. 111, 16610–16615. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410465111
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. J. A., Otto, S. P., Annamalay, A. A., Heft-Neal, S., Wagner, Z., Le Souëf, P. N., et al. (2019). Testing the socioeconomic and ecology determinants of better kid-health outcomes in Africa: a cantankerous-sectional study amidst nations. BMJ Open up ix:e029968. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029968
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sodhi, N. S., Peh, Chiliad. Southward. H., and Brook, B. W. (2007). Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood run a risk and severity in the developing world. Glob. Modify Biol. 13, 2379–2395. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Brand, R., and Karvonen, A. (2007). The ecosystem of expertise: complementary knowledges for sustainable evolution. Sustain. Sci. Pract. Pol. 3, 21–31. doi: ten.1080/15487733.2007.11907989
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Brook, B. W., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2006). Strength of evidence for density dependence in abundance time series of 1198 species. Ecology 87, 1445–1451. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)871445:SOEFDD2.0.CO
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Dark-brown, O. (2008). "Migration and climate change," in IOM Migration Research Serial, ed Brown, O., (Geneva: International Arrangement for Migration), i–61. doi: x.18356/26de4416-en
CrossRef Full Text
Brückner, M. (2010). Population size and civil disharmonize risk: is there a causal link? Econ. J. 120, 535–550. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02352.x
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Brysse, Thousand., Oreskes, Due north., O'Reilly, J., and Oppenheimer, One thousand. (2013). Climate change prediction: erring on the side of least drama? Global Environ. Change 23, 327–337. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.008
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Burck, J., Hagen, U., HÃúhne, N., Nascimento, L., and Bals, C. (2019). Climate Change Performance Index. Bonn: Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute and Climate Action Network.
Google Scholar
Shush, Due east. J., Chadburn, S. Due east., Huntingford, C., and Jones, C. D. (2018). CO2 loss by permafrost thawing implies additional emissions reductions to limit warming to 1.5 or 2 °C. Environ. Res. Lett. thirteen:024024. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa138
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Butler, J. H., and Montzka, S. A. (2020). The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI). Bedrock, CO: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, World Arrangement Research Laboratories.
Google Scholar
Cavicchioli, R., Ripple, W. J., Timmis, G. Northward., Azam, F., Bakken, L. R., Baylis, 1000., et al. (2019). Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climatic change. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 569–586. doi: x.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ceballos, M., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., and Palmer, T. M. (2015). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: entering the 6th mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 1:e1400253. doi: ten.1126/sciadv.1400253
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Ceballos, Thou., Ehrlich, P. R., and Dirzo, R. (2017). Biological anything via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.Southward.A. 114, E6089–E6096. doi: x.1073/pnas.1704949114
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., and Raven, P. H. (2020). Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United statesA. 117, 13596–13602. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922686117
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ceddia, M. G. (2020). The super-rich and cropland expansion via directly investments in agriculture. Nat. Sustain. three, 312–318. doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-0480-ii
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Christensen, 5., Coll, Chiliad., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Buszowski, J., and Pauly, D. (2014). A century of fish biomass decline in the ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 512, 155–166. doi: 10.3354/meps10946
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Coccia, M. (2018). Growth rate of population associated with high terrorism incidents in gild. J. Econ. Bibliogr. 5, 142–158. doi: 10.1453/jeb.v5i3.1743
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Convention on Biological Diverseness (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook. Montréal, QC: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Google Scholar
Cribb, J. (2014). Poisoned Planet. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Cumming, 1000. Due south., Cumming, D. H. M., and Redman, C. L. (2006). Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions. Ecol. Soc. xi:14. doi: x.5751/ES-01569-110114
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R. (1996a). Global modify and human susceptibility to affliction. Ann. Rev. Energ. Environ. 21, 125–144. doi: 10.1146/annurev.free energy.21.one.125
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R. (1996b). Impacts of evolution and global modify on the epidemiological environment. Environ. Dev. Econ. 1, 309–344. doi: 10.1017/S1355770X00000656
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Daszak, P., das Neves, C., Amuasi, J., Hayman, D., Kuiken, T., Roche, B., et al. (2020). Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Pandemics of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat.
Davidson, N. C. (2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Mar. Freshw. Res. 65, 934–941. doi: 10.1071/MF14173
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Settele, J., Brondízio, Eastward. S., Ngo, H. T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., et al. (2019). Pervasive homo-driven decline of life on Earth points to the demand for transformative change. Science 366:eaax3100. doi: 10.1126/science.aax3100
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Dobson, A. P., Pimm, S. L., Hannah, Fifty., Kaufman, L., Ahumada, J. A., Ando, A. Due west., et al. (2020). Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention. Science 369, 379–381. doi: x.1126/science.abc3189
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R., and Harte, J. (2015a). Food security requires a new revolution. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 72, 908–920. doi: ten.1080/00207233.2015.1067468
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Elhacham, East., Ben-Uri, L., Grozovski, J., Bar-On, Y. Yard., and Milo, R. (2020). Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass. Nature 588, 442–444. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Erb, Thou.-H., Kastner, T., Plutzar, C., Bais, A. Fifty. S., Carvalhais, Northward., Fetzel, T., et al. (2018). Unexpectedly large impact of woods management and grazing on global vegetation biomass. Nature 553, 73–76. doi: 10.1038/nature25138
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D., and Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 97, 75–ninety. doi: 10.1017/S0003055403000534
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Forster, P. M., Maycock, A. C., McKenna, C. M., and Smith, C. J. (2020). Latest climate models confirm need for urgent mitigation. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 7–10. doi: ten.1038/s41558-019-0660-0
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Frieler, K., Meinshausen, Yard., Golly, A., Mengel, M., Lebek, G., Donner, S. D., et al. (2013). Limiting global warming to 2°C is unlikely to save near coral reefs. Nat. Clim. Change three, 165–170. doi: x.1038/nclimate1674
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Gaupp, F., Hall, J., Hochrainer-Stigler, Due south., and Dadson, S. (2020). Irresolute risks of simultaneous global tummy failure. Nat. Clim. Alter 10, 54–57. doi: x.1038/s41558-019-0600-z
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Gerland, P., Raftery, A. E., Ševčíková, H., Li, North., Gu, D., Spoorenberg, T., et al. (2014). World population stabilization unlikely this century. Scientific discipline 346, 234–237. doi: x.1126/science.1257469
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Grill, G., Lehner, B., Thieme, M., Geenen, B., Tickner, D., Antonelli, F., et al. (2019). Mapping the world's costless-flowing rivers. Nature 569, 215–221. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1111-ix
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Gustafson, A., Rosenthal, S. A., Ballew, M. T., Goldberg, M. H., Bergquist, P., Kotcher, J. E., et al. (2019). The evolution of partisan polarization over the Light-green New Bargain. Nat. Clim. Modify 9, 940–944. doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0621-7
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Lowndes, J. Southward. S., Best, B. D., Frazier, M., Katona, S. K., et al. (2015). Patterns and emerging trends in global ocean health. PLoS I 10:e0117863. doi: ten.1371/journal.pone.0117863
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Harte, J. (2007). Human population as a dynamic factor in ecology degradation. Pop. Env. 28, 223–236. doi: 10.1007/s11111-007-0048-three
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Hauge, W., and llingsen, T. (1998). Across environmental scarcity: causal pathways to conflict. J. Peace Res. 35, 299–317. doi: 10.1177/0022343398035003003
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Heath, J., Ayres, E., Possell, G., Bardgett, R. D., Black, H. I. J., Grant, H., et al. (2005). Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces sequestration of root-derived soil carbon. Science 309, 1711–1713. doi: 10.1126/scientific discipline.1110700
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Hejny, J. (2018). The Trump Administration and environmental policy: Reagan redux? J. Env. Stud. Sci. viii, 197–211. doi: 10.1007/s13412-018-0470-0
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Herger, N., Abramowitz, G., Knutti, R., Angélil, O., Lehmann, Grand., and Sanderson, B. G. (2018). Selecting a climate model subset to optimise cardinal ensemble properties. Earth Syst. Dyn. nine, 135–151. doi: x.5194/esd-nine-135-2018
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Herrando-Pérez, S., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Lewandowsky, S., and Vieites, D. R. (2019). Statistical language backs conservatism in climate-change assessments. BioScience 69, 209–219. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biz004
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Herrando-Pérez, S., Delean, S., Brook, B. Westward., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2012). Density dependence: an ecological Tower of Babel. Oecologia 170, 585–603. doi: 10.1007/s00442-012-2347-3
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Hinkel, J., Lincke, D., Vafeidis, A. T., Perrette, M., Nicholls, R. J., Tol, R. S. J., et al. (2014). Coastal flood harm and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rising. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United statesA. 111, 3292–3297. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222469111
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1991). On the threshold: environmental changes as causes of acute conflict. Int. Secur. 2, 76–116. doi: x.2307/2539061
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hopfenberg, R. (2003). Human carrying capacity is determined by food availability. Pop. Env. 25, 109–117. doi: 10.1023/B:POEN.0000015560.69479.c1
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Humphreys, A. Grand., Govaerts, R., Ficinski, S. Z., Nic Lughadha, East., and Vorontsova, Grand. Due south. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1043–1047. doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-0906-two
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
IPBES (2019). Global Cess Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Paris: IPBES Secretariat.
Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). "Climatic change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, Two and Three to the 5th Cess Written report of the Intergovernmental Console on Climate change", eds Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri, and L. A. Meyer. (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change), 1–24.
Google Scholar
IPCC (2018). "Global Warming of i.5°C. Summary for Policymakers," eds 5. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, et al. (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), one–24.
Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., Chaloner, Due west. K., Lawton, J. H., and May, R. K. (1994). Extinctions in the fossil record. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 344, 11–17. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0045
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Jacobson, T. A., Kler, J. S., Hernke, Thousand. T., Braun, R. K., Meyer, K. C., and Funk, W. E. (2019). Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nat. Sustain. 2, 691–701. doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0323-1
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Keesing, F., Belden, L. K., Daszak, P., Dobson, A., Harvell, C. D., Holt, R. D., et al. (2010). Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468, 647–652. doi: x.1038/nature09575
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Klare, M. T. (2001). Resources Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
Google Scholar
Klare, M. T. (2012). The Race for What's Left: The Global Scramble for the World'southward Concluding Resources. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.
Google Scholar
Klare, M. T. (2020, Jan 13). How rising temperatures increment the likelihood of nuclear war. The Nation.
Krumhansl, Thousand. A., Okamoto, D. K., Rassweiler, A., Novak, M., Bolton, J. J., Cavanaugh, K. C., et al. (2016). Global patterns of kelp wood change over the by half-century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 13785–13790. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1606102113
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Kus, B. (2016). Wealth inequality: historical trends and cross-national differences. Sociol. Compass 10, 518–529. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12378
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Lamkin, M., and Miller, A. I. (2016). On the claiming of comparison gimmicky and deep-time biological-extinction rates. BioScience 66, 785–789. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biw088
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Legagneux, P., Casajus, Due north., Cazelles, K., Chevallier, C., Chevrinais, M., Guéry, L., et al. (2018). Our house is burning: discrepancy in climatic change vs. biodiversity coverage in the media as compared to scientific literature. Front. Ecol. Evol. v:175. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Leung, B., Hargreaves, A. Fifty., Greenberg, D. A., McGill, B., Dornelas, M., and Freeman, R. (2020). Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature 588, 267–271. doi: x.1038/s41586-020-2920-6
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Levin, S. (1999). Delicate Dominion. Cambridge: Perseus Publishing.
Google Scholar
Levy, L., and Herzog, A. North. (1974). Effects of population density and crowding on health and social accommodation in the Netherlands. J. Health Soc. Behav. fifteen, 228–240. doi: 10.2307/2137023
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Lin, D., Hanscom, Fifty., Murthy, A., Galli, A., Evans, M., Neill, Due east., et al. (2018). Ecological footprint accounting for countries: updates and results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018. Resources 7:58. doi: 10.3390/resources7030058
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Lyons, K. (2020, 13 Jan 20). Climate refugees can't be returned home, says landmark United nations human rights ruling. The Guardian.
Google Scholar
Mayer, J. (2016). Dark Coin: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rising of the Radical Right. New York, NY: Ballast.
Google Scholar
McLeman, R. (2019). International migration and climate adaptation in an era of hardening borders. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 911–918. doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0634-2
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Messerli, P., Kim, East. M., Lutz, W., Moatti, J.-P., Richardson, K., Saidam, M., et al. (2019). Expansion of sustainability science needed for the SDGs. Nat. Sustain. 2, 892–894. doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0394-z
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Mora, C., Dousset, B., Caldwell, I. R., Powell, F. E., Geronimo, R. C., Bielecki Coral, R., et al. (2017). Global risk of deadly heat. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 501–506. doi: 10.1038/nclimate3322
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. Chiliad. B., and Worm, B. (2011). How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biol. 9:e1001127. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Nyström, Chiliad., Jouffray, J. B., Norström, A. V., Crona, B., Søgaard Jørgensen, P., Carpenter, S. R., et al. (2019). Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem. Nature 575, 98–108. doi: x.1038/s41586-019-1712-three
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Parks, R. M., Bennett, J. E., Tamura-Wicks, H., Kontis, Five., Toumi, R., Danaei, G., et al. (2020). Anomalously warm temperatures are associated with increased injury deaths. Nat. Med. 26, 65–70. doi: ten.1038/s41591-019-0721-y
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Peng, B., Williams, S., Loughnan, M., Lloyd, Thou., Hansen, A., Kjellstrom, T., et al. (2011). The furnishings of extreme heat on human mortality and morbidity in Australia: implications for public health. Asia Pac. J. Publ. Health 23, 27S−36S. doi: ten.1177/1010539510391644
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Piketty, T. (2020). Capital and Ideology. Harvard, IL: Harvard University Printing.
Google Scholar
Pimm, S. Fifty., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, 50. North., et al. (2014). The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Scientific discipline 344:1246752. doi: ten.1126/science.1246752
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Potts, S. G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, Yard. A., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T. D., et al. (2016). Safeguarding pollinators and their values to homo well-being. Nature 540, 220–229. doi: 10.1038/nature20588
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Rees, Due west. Due east. (2020). Ecological economics for humanity'southward plague phase. Ecol. Econ. 169:106519. doi: ten.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J., Smith, P., Haberl, H., Montzka, S. A., McAlpine, C., and Boucher, D. H. (2014). Ruminants, climate alter and climate policy. Nat. Clim. Modify 4, 2–v. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2081
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ripple, Westward. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Barnard, P., and Moomaw, Westward. R. (2020). World scientists' warning of a climate emergency. BioScience 70, 8–12. doi: ten.1093/biosci/biz152
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Galetti, K., Alamgir, Chiliad., Crist, Due east., et al. (2017). World scientists' warning to humanity: a second detect. BioScience 67, 1026–1028. doi: ten.1093/biosci/bix125
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Roe, D., Dickman, A., Kock, R., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Rihoy, E., and 't Sas-Rolfes, Thousand. (2020). Beyond banning wildlife merchandise: COVID-19, conservation and development. Globe Dev. 136:105121. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105121
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Rogelj, J., den Elzen, K., Höhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., Winkler, H., et al. (2016). Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to go on warming well beneath 2 °C. Nature 534, 631–639. doi: 10.1038/nature18307
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Schmeller, D. S., Courchamp, F., and Killeen, G. (2020). Biodiversity loss, emerging pathogens and human being health risks. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 3095–3102. doi: 10.1007/s10531-020-02021-6
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Variety (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal, QC: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Variety.
Selby, D. (2006). The goad that is sustainability: bringing permeability to disciplinary boundaries. Planet 17, 57–59. doi: 10.11120/program.2006.00170057
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Serdeczny, O., Adams, S., Baarsch, F., Coumou, D., Robinson, A., Hare, W., et al. (2017). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from concrete changes to their social repercussions. Region. Environ. Change 17, 1585–1600. doi: x.1007/s10113-015-0910-two
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Shanley, P., and López, C. (2009). Out of the loop: why inquiry rarely reaches policy makers and the public and what can be done. Biotropica 41, 535–544. doi: x.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00561.x
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Sippel, Southward., Meinshausen, North., Fischer, Eastward. M., Székely, E., and Knutti, R. (2020). Climatic change now detectable from any unmarried day of weather at global calibration. Nat. Clim. Alter 10, 35–41. doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0666-7
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., Woodward, A., Lemke, B., Otto, Grand., Chang, C. J., Mance, A. A., et al. (2016). The terminal summer Olympics? Climate alter, wellness, and piece of work outdoors. Lancet 388, 642–644. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31335-6
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Smith, P., Ashmore, M. R., Black, H. I. J., Burgess, P. J., Evans, C. D., Quine, T. A., et al. (2013). The role of ecosystems and their direction in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 812–829. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12016
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Sodhi, N. South., Beck, B. W., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2009). "Causes and consequences of species extinctions," in The Princeton Guide to Ecology, ed. S.A. Levin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Academy Press), 514–520 doi: ten.1515/9781400833023.514
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Steffen, Due west., Rockström, J., Richardson, Thou., Lenton, T. Thousand., Folke, C., Liverman, D., et al. (2018). Trajectories of the Earth system in the Anthropocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. UsaA. 115, 8252–8259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1810141115
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Strona, G., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2018). Co-extinctions annihilate planetary life during extreme environmental change. Sci. Rep. viii:16724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35068-1
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text
Swan, S., and Colino, S. (2021). Count Down: How Our Mod Globe Is Threatening Sperm Counts, Altering Male and Female Reproductive Development, and Imperiling the Future of the Human being Race. New York, NY: Scribner.
Tedesco, P. A., Bigorne, R., Bogan, A. Due east., Giam, X., Jézéquel, C., and Hugueny, B. (2014). Estimating how many undescribed species take gone extinct. Conserv. Biol. 28, 1360–1370. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12285
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Tir, J., and Diehl, P. F. (1998). Demographic force per unit area and interstate conflict: linking population growth and density to militarized disputes and wars, 1930-89. J. Peace Res. 35, 319–339. doi: 10.1177/0022343398035003004
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Toon, O., Robock, A., Turco, R. P., Bardeen, C., Oman, L., and Stenchikov, G. (2007). Consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts. Scientific discipline 315, 1224–1225. doi: 10.1126/science,.1137747
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
United nations (2016). The Paris Agreement. Paris: United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic change.
Google Scholar
United Nations University (2015). 5 Facts on Climate Migrants [Online]. Institute for Surroundings and Human Security. Available online at: ehs.unu.edu/weblog/five-facts/five-facts-on-climate-migrants.html (accessed January 13, 2020).
U. S. House of Representatives (2019). Recognizing the Duty of the Federal Government to Create a Light-green New Deal [Online]. Washington, DC: 116th United States Congress. Available online at: congress.gov/pecker/116th-congress/house-resolution/109/text (accessed December 28, 2020).
Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, Thou., Boggio, P. Due south., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., et al. (2020). Using social and behavioural scientific discipline to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4, 460–471. doi: ten.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text
van Klink, R., Bowler, D. E., Gongalsky, Grand. B., Swengel, A. B., Gentile, A., and Chase, J. Thousand. (2020). Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial just increases in freshwater insect abundances. Science 368, 417–420. doi: ten.1126/science.aax9931
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Vollset, S. Due east., Goren, E., Yuan, C.-Westward., Cao, J., Smith, A. E., Hsiao, T., et al. (2020). Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Brunt of Illness Study. Lancet 396, 1285–1306. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(twenty)30677-2
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Chiliad., Hanscom, L., and Lin, D. (2017). Making the sustainable development goals consistent with sustainability. Front. Energ. Res. v:xviii. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2017.00018
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Wackernagel, M., Lin, D., Evans, 1000., Hanscom, L., and Raven, P. (2019). Defying the footprint oracle: implications of country resource trends. Sustainability xi, 2164–2164. doi: ten.3390/su11072164
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Waycott, 1000., Duarte, C. G., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, Due south., et al. (2009). Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the earth threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United statesA. 106, 12377–12381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905620106
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
White, R. (2017). Criminological perspectives on climate change, violence and ecocide. Curr. Clim. Change Rep. 3, 243–251. doi: ten.1007/s40641-017-0075-9
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
White, R. (2019). "Theoretical perspectives on environmental violence," in The Routledge International Handbook of Violence Studies, eds. W. DeKeseredy, C. Rennison, and A. Hall-Sanchez (London: Routledge), 121–134 doi: 10.4324/9781315270265-12
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2020). Global Risks Report. 15th Edition. Geneva: Earth Economical Forum.
Wynes, S., and Nicholas, K. A. (2017). The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the nigh effective individual actions. Environ. Res. Lett. 12:074024. doi: ten.1088/1748-9326/aa7541
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419/full
0 Response to "Oh God We Arent Doing This Again?! That Spontaneous Rp Tho"
Post a Comment